Germany heavily relies on “green” hydrogen, which cannot be produced domestically in sufficient quantities, thus, most of the gas needs to be imported. But which countries are most suitable for hydrogen imports, and what are the transport options available? The Federal Ministry of Economics remains elusive when questioned, stating only that the government is actively approaching partner countries in Europe and internationally to promote imports of green hydrogen.
According to the H2Global Foundation, there are no analysis or research results on the countries of origin, transport routes, and costs at the moment. Still, other industry players, such as Zukunft Gas and the German Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association (DWV), suggest that European and Middle Eastern countries via pipeline are the best options for short-term climate goals, while ammonia shipping may be suitable for faraway supply countries.
Meanwhile, the DWV suggests using the existing pipelines, which provides a predestined infrastructure that is suitable for quickly importing hydrogen from European countries. However, it would take 15-20 years to set up pipelines for West Africa, so it is not a viable option for short-term goals. Moreover, the added value must be in Europe, so the association rejects ammonia production in Africa.
Hydrogen Europe, a Brussels-based association, states that the EU has already signed a declaration of intent with Namibia, Egypt, and Kazakhstan, among others, to promote hydrogen imports. Association leader Jorgo Chatzimarkakis believes that transporting hydrogen via pipeline is the cheapest option, but alternative means of transport, such as tankers, can also be considered.
However, the question remains as to what hydrogen would cost in the future. The DWV estimates that prices over four euros per kilogram are critical for users, and today, a kilogram of hydrogen still costs around ten euros in Germany. Chatzimarkakis believes that by 2030, hydrogen from Africa would be available in Germany for 1.50 to 2 euros per kilogram, with prices continuing to fall by that time. The BMWK has not disclosed any price expectations, but German companies will be able to buy hydrogen and its derivatives via an auction system in the future.
The source countries of hydrogen will depend on how quickly hydrogen-producing countries progress in expanding renewable energies and building up electrolysis capacities. Nonetheless, European and Middle Eastern countries via pipeline and faraway supply countries through ammonia shipping should provide transport options for hydrogen imports in the coming years.
